Wolfram Schultz

Rewards - dopamine reward prediction error graph

Prof Wolfram Schultz FRS

Professor of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK

Professorial Fellow, Churchill College, University of Cambridge

Visiting Research Associate, Division of Human & Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA

ws42@pm.me, ws234@cam.ac.uk


Neuroeconomics of reward and decision-making

Our group is interested in identifying brain signals for reward and economic decisions. As information processing systems work with explicit signals, we like to identify and characterise such signals before investigating detailed neuronal mechanisms. We use concepts from animal learning theory and economic decision theory and combine behavioural, neurophysiological and neuroimaging (fMRI) methods. We search for neuronal responses that implement fundamental theoretical constructs underlying reward-seeking, learning and decision-making, such as reward prediction error, utility, probability, risk, object-action-chosen value, and revealed preference. Studied brain structures include dopamine neurons, striatum, frontal cortex and amygdala.


Please find general information in a short general article, or in an update on dopamine reward prediction error coding, and in a brief overview or longer review on reward and economic decisions. Please find also my short CV, full CV, publication list and my 2022 autobiography written for the Society for Neuroscience (SfN).


I am afraid we do not accept PhD students and postdocs.


Please find recent and basic publications here:

Handbook article with latest view on dopamine fuctions (2024).

Reward maximization by dopamine neurons (2024).

Dopamine signals during BDM auction-like performance (2024).

Behaviour in BDM auction-like mechanism in monkeys (2022).

Subjective reward value coding in orbitofrontal cortex (2023).

View-based reward choice in amygdala (2023).

Protocol for investigating multi-dimensional economic choice (2023).

Behavioural test of the Independence Axiom in monkeys (2022).

Sensory-specific satiety in orbitofrontal neurons (2021).

Contingency as fundamental condition for learning (2010).


Lecture videos

Nature & Nurture podcast 2024

Neuroinformatics Krakow Univ 2022

AV Hill Lecture Cambridge Univ 2021

Virtual Dopamine (ViDA) Princeton 2020

Chen Lecture Caltech 2017

Einstein Center Berlin 2016

Puerto Rico Univ 2014


Collaborations and Visitorships

Antonio Rangel, John O'Doherty, Ralph Adolphs, Charles R. Plott (Caltech)

Peter Bossaerts (Univ Cambridge)

Fabian Grabenhorst & Simone Ferrari-Toniolo (Univ Oxford)

Masamichi Sakagami (Tamagawa Univ)

Masahiko Takada (Kyoto Univ Primate Center Inuyama)

Ken-ichiro Tsutsui (Tohoku Univ Sendai)